![]() ![]() Compounds such as phenols, saponins, proteinase inhibitors, and glucosinolates are some of the antimicrobial compounds found in vacuoles as well as the outer cell layers ( Osbourn, 1996 Heath, 2000). These defenses consist of antimicrobial compounds and structural barriers such as the waxy cuticle on leaves which provide broad-spectrum protection ( Dangl and Jones, 2001). Plants have a compilation of preformed defenses that play an important and integral role towards conferring pathogen resistance ( Heath, 2000). Thus, the goal should be to understand this complexity, to define the interaction along a spectrum, to best inform crop breeding and selection strategies. Although convenient, these interactions cannot be arbitrarily classified and expected to fully describe the complexity that exist between a pathogen and its’ host. Complex interactions between a multitude of these mechanisms determine whether host-pathogen interactions are compatible or incompatible, indicating host susceptibility or resistance, respectively ( Hammond-Kosack and Jones, 2000 Schenk et al., 2000). Over-time plants have evolved an intricate set of defense mechanisms to combat virulence strategies employed by fungal pathogens and oomycetes. Recent advances such as composite plant transformation, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analyses as well as genomics and transcriptomics will complement existing molecular, histological, and biochemical assay studies and further elucidate avocado defense mechanisms. Cell wall modification via callose deposition and lignification have also been implicated in the resistant response. cinnamomi infection which allows for the timely expression of pathogenesis-related genes via the NPR1 defense response pathway. Notably, avocado demonstrates a biphasic phytohormone profile in response to P. This review will provide an overview of our current knowledge on the molecular defense pathways utilized in resistant avocado rootstock against P. cinnamomi during avocado infection has enabled us to distinguish avocado rootstocks as either resistant or tolerant - an important distinction when unraveling the defense response. ![]() The development of a nested qPCR assay capable of quantifying P. Despite its’ importance, the development of molecular tools and resources have been historically limited, prohibiting significant progress toward understanding this important host-pathogen interaction. cinnamomi, is a hemibiotrophic oomycete which causes Phytophthora root rot, leading to reduced yields and eventual tree death.
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